WordPress + MySQL on Compute
WordPress + MySQL on compute
This pattern composes Compute, Network, and Block Storage.
What this template does#
Provisions a WordPress application server and a dedicated MySQL database instance:
- WordPress instance with Nginx and PHP-FPM, installed and wired to the database by cloud-init
- MySQL (MariaDB) instance on a private network (no public access), with its data directory on the attached volume (mounted at
/var/lib/mysqlon/dev/sdb) - Block storage volume for the MySQL data directory
- Security groups restricting MySQL access to the private subnet only
- Floating IP for public WordPress access
On apply, cloud-init installs MariaDB and creates the db_name database and db_user role on the MySQL instance, then installs Nginx, PHP-FPM, and WordPress on the web instance and points wp-config.php at the database. Reach the WordPress installation screen at the floating IP once cloud-init finishes. Set db_password to a strong value when you apply; the template ships no default password.
Parameters#
| Parameter | Description | Default |
|---|---|---|
key_name | SSH keypair name (must already exist in your project) | required |
wp_flavor | WordPress instance size | s1a.small |
db_flavor | MySQL instance size | m2a.large |
db_volume_size | MySQL volume in GB | 20 |
image_name | Operating system image | Ubuntu-24.04 |
wp_domain | WordPress site domain | No default |
db_name | WordPress database name | wordpress |
db_user | WordPress database user | wordpress |
db_password | Password for the database user (required, no default) | none |
external_network | External network for router gateway and floating IP | PublicStatic |
private_cidr | Address range for the private subnet between WordPress and MySQL | 192.168.10.0/24 |
When to use this pattern#
Run WordPress and MySQL on separate compute instances with block-backed boot disks. Choose Self-Managed PostgreSQL for a Postgres-only database host, MySQL/MariaDB Database for a standalone MySQL-compatible target without the WordPress application tier, or Full-Stack Application when you need web, app, and database tiers with distinct subnets.
Estimated cost#
Monthly cost estimate
Pricing calculator ↗Sized as a custom package on a mix of shared and dedicated vCPU.
Monthly total for the required template above. Use the configurator below to add optional pieces and see the total update.
What each resource is for
Wordpress
s1a.small · 2 shared vCPU, 2 GiB RAM, 0.5 Gbps
MySQL database
m2a.large · 2 dedicated vCPU, 8 GiB RAM, 0.5 Gbps
Compute shown per role at custom-package rates ($29/dedicated vCPU, $7.25/shared vCPU, $1/GiB RAM). The headline above is the billed total: the cheaper of a named plan and the custom package, plus add-ons.
Included in baseline
s1a.small
2 shared vCPU, 2 GiB RAM, 0.5 Gbps
m2a.large
2 dedicated vCPU, 8 GiB RAM, 0.5 Gbps
Compute + RAM rate basis
4 vCPU + 10 GiB RAM at $29/dedicated vCPU, $7.25/shared vCPU, $1/GiB RAM (regular). Totals apply the flat −$5/mo package promotion.
Block storage (60 GiB)
60 GiB at $0.08/GiB/mo
Public IP (included)
1 included with the custom package
Package promotional discount
Flat −$5.00/mo on the custom package (same promotion as named plans).
Included at no charge
These line items are zero on Quake AI. Many other providers meter them separately.
Data transfer (inbound and outbound)
Unlimited data transfer on every plan; Quake AI does not meter per-GB egress.
AWS, GCP, and Azure meter outbound transfer per GB. DigitalOcean and Hetzner include an allowance on compute plans, then charge overage.
Learn morePrivate networking
Private networks, subnets, Neutron routers, and security groups are included with the plan.
VPC objects are usually free to create elsewhere, but NAT gateways bill hourly plus per-GB processed. Quake AI uses router SNAT with no separate NAT line item.
Control-plane API requests
OpenStack API calls for provisioning and management are included.
Some managed services on other clouds meter API calls or charge for premium control-plane features.
Dev/test vs production
Start on shared CPU for dev/test, then promote to dedicated for production with a flavor resize. The network, storage, and template stay the same.
Dev/test on shared CPU
Burstable s1a flavors; suited to prototyping and low or bursty load.
Production on the configured CPU
The headline estimate above; predictable steady-load performance.
Saves $49.50/mo while you build on shared CPU.
Shared flavors carry less RAM (m2a.large (8 GiB RAM) -> s1a.small (2 GiB RAM)). A resize reboots the instance; data on attached volumes persists. Size the dedicated flavor for the RAM your production workload needs.
Pricing data last validated: . For current rates, check quake.ai/pricing.
Template source#
Show source (8 files)Hide source
locals {
name_prefix = replace(var.wp_domain, ".", "-")
}
data "openstack_images_image_v2" "image" {
name = var.image_name
most_recent = true
}
data "openstack_networking_network_v2" "external" {
name = var.external_network
}
resource "openstack_networking_network_v2" "private" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-private"
admin_state_up = true
}
resource "openstack_networking_subnet_v2" "private" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-private-sn"
network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id
cidr = var.private_cidr
ip_version = 4
enable_dhcp = true
dns_nameservers = ["8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4"]
}
resource "openstack_networking_router_v2" "router" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-router"
external_network_id = data.openstack_networking_network_v2.external.id
admin_state_up = true
}
resource "openstack_networking_router_interface_v2" "private" {
router_id = openstack_networking_router_v2.router.id
subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "wordpress" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress-sg"
description = "SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS from any IPv4"
}
resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_ssh" {
direction = "ingress"
ethertype = "IPv4"
protocol = "tcp"
port_range_min = 22
port_range_max = 22
remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0"
security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_http" {
direction = "ingress"
ethertype = "IPv4"
protocol = "tcp"
port_range_min = 80
port_range_max = 80
remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0"
security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_https" {
direction = "ingress"
ethertype = "IPv4"
protocol = "tcp"
port_range_min = 443
port_range_max = 443
remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0"
security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "mysql" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-sg"
description = "MySQL only from the private subnet"
}
resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "mysql_mysql" {
direction = "ingress"
ethertype = "IPv4"
protocol = "tcp"
port_range_min = 3306
port_range_max = 3306
remote_ip_prefix = var.private_cidr
security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.mysql.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "wordpress" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress-port"
network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id
security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id]
fixed_ip {
subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id
}
depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private]
}
resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "wordpress" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress"
flavor_name = var.wp_flavor
key_pair = var.key_name
user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init/wordpress.yaml", {
db_ip = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.network[0].fixed_ip_v4
db_name = var.db_name
db_user = var.db_user
db_password = var.db_password
})
block_device {
uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id
source_type = "image"
destination_type = "volume"
volume_size = 20
boot_index = 0
delete_on_termination = true
}
network {
port = openstack_networking_port_v2.wordpress.id
}
}
resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "mysql" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-port"
network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id
security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.mysql.id]
fixed_ip {
subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id
}
depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private]
}
resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "mysql" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql"
flavor_name = var.db_flavor
key_pair = var.key_name
user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init/mysql.yaml", {
db_name = var.db_name
db_user = var.db_user
db_password = var.db_password
})
block_device {
uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id
source_type = "image"
destination_type = "volume"
volume_size = 20
boot_index = 0
delete_on_termination = true
}
network {
port = openstack_networking_port_v2.mysql.id
}
}
resource "openstack_blockstorage_volume_v3" "mysql_data" {
name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-data"
size = var.db_volume_size
}
resource "openstack_compute_volume_attach_v2" "mysql_data" {
instance_id = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.id
volume_id = openstack_blockstorage_volume_v3.mysql_data.id
}
resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_v2" "wordpress" {
pool = var.external_network
}
resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_associate_v2" "wordpress" {
floating_ip = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.wordpress.address
port_id = openstack_networking_port_v2.wordpress.id
}
variable "wp_domain" {
description = "FQDN for the WordPress site (used for resource naming)"
type = string
}
variable "wp_flavor" {
description = "Flavor for the WordPress compute instance"
type = string
default = "s1a.small"
}
variable "db_flavor" {
description = "Flavor for the MySQL compute instance"
type = string
default = "m2a.large"
}
variable "db_volume_size" {
description = "Size in GB for the MySQL data block volume"
type = number
default = 20
}
variable "image_name" {
description = "Name of the image to boot instances from"
type = string
default = "Ubuntu-24.04"
}
variable "external_network" {
description = "Shared external network for router gateway and floating IPs; defaults to PublicStatic (persisted FIP / production pattern). Override with PublicEphemeral for ephemeral demos."
type = string
default = "PublicStatic"
}
variable "key_name" {
description = "Existing SSH keypair name in the project for compute instances"
type = string
}
variable "private_cidr" {
description = "CIDR of the private subnet between WordPress and MySQL"
type = string
default = "192.168.10.0/24"
}
variable "db_name" {
description = "WordPress database name created on the MySQL instance"
type = string
default = "wordpress"
}
variable "db_user" {
description = "WordPress database user the application connects as"
type = string
default = "wordpress"
}
variable "db_password" {
description = "Password for the WordPress database user. Required, no default, so no credential ships with the template."
type = string
sensitive = true
}
output "wordpress_ip" {
description = "Floating IPv4 address of the WordPress instance"
value = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.wordpress.address
}
output "mysql_private_ip" {
description = "Fixed IPv4 of the MySQL instance on the private network"
value = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.network[0].fixed_ip_v4
}
terraform {
required_version = ">= 1.6.0"
required_providers {
openstack = {
source = "terraform-provider-openstack/openstack"
version = "~> 2.0"
}
}
}
provider "openstack" {}
# Required
wp_domain = "YOUR_WORDPRESS_FQDN"
key_name = "YOUR_KEY_NAME"
# wp_flavor = "s1a.small"
# db_flavor = "m2a.large"
# db_volume_size = 20
# image_name = "Ubuntu-24.04"
# external_network = "PublicStatic"
# private_cidr = "192.168.10.0/24"
#cloud-config
package_update: true
runcmd:
- |
set -e
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
# The data volume attaches as /dev/sdb on this platform (not /dev/vdb).
DEV=/dev/sdb
for i in $(seq 1 30); do [ -b "$DEV" ] && break; sleep 5; done
if ! blkid "$DEV" >/dev/null 2>&1; then mkfs.ext4 -F "$DEV"; fi
mkdir -p /var/lib/mysql
mount "$DEV" /var/lib/mysql
grep -q "$DEV" /etc/fstab || echo "$DEV /var/lib/mysql ext4 defaults,nofail 0 2" >> /etc/fstab
for i in 1 2 3; do apt-get update && break; sleep 10; done
apt-get install -y mariadb-server
printf '[mysqld]\nbind-address = 0.0.0.0\n' > /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/99-bind.cnf
systemctl enable mariadb
systemctl restart mariadb
mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS ${db_name};"
mysql -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS '${db_user}'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '${db_password}';"
mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ${db_name}.* TO '${db_user}'@'%'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"
#cloud-config
package_update: true
packages:
- nginx
- php-fpm
- php-mysql
- curl
- tar
write_files:
- path: /tmp/wordpress.nginx
owner: root:root
permissions: "0644"
content: |
server {
listen 80 default_server;
root /var/www/html;
index index.php index.html;
server_name _;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf;
fastcgi_pass unix:__PHP_SOCK__;
}
}
runcmd:
- |
set -e
export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive
# Install WordPress under /var/www/html
curl -fsSL https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz -o /tmp/wp.tar.gz
tar -xzf /tmp/wp.tar.gz -C /tmp
rm -f /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html
cp -a /tmp/wordpress/. /var/www/html/
cd /var/www/html
cp wp-config-sample.php wp-config.php
sed -i "s/database_name_here/${db_name}/" wp-config.php
sed -i "s/username_here/${db_user}/" wp-config.php
sed -i "s/password_here/${db_password}/" wp-config.php
sed -i "s/'localhost'/'${db_ip}'/" wp-config.php
if curl -fsSL https://api.wordpress.org/secret-key/1.1/salt/ -o /tmp/wp-salts.php; then
sed -i "/AUTH_KEY/d;/SECURE_AUTH_KEY/d;/LOGGED_IN_KEY/d;/NONCE_KEY/d;/AUTH_SALT/d;/SECURE_AUTH_SALT/d;/LOGGED_IN_SALT/d;/NONCE_SALT/d" wp-config.php
sed -i "/table_prefix = /r /tmp/wp-salts.php" wp-config.php
fi
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html
# Point nginx at the versioned PHP-FPM socket (avoid the generic php-fpm.sock alias)
PHP_VER=$(ls /etc/php/ | sort -V | tail -1)
PHP_FPM="php$${PHP_VER}-fpm"
PHP_SOCK="/run/php/$${PHP_FPM}.sock"
sed "s#__PHP_SOCK__#$PHP_SOCK#" /tmp/wordpress.nginx > /etc/nginx/sites-available/default
systemctl enable nginx "$PHP_FPM"
systemctl restart "$PHP_FPM"
systemctl restart nginx
# WordPress + MySQL
WordPress application server with a dedicated MySQL database instance on a private subnet, router, and appropriate security groups.
**Network class:** production — `external_network` defaults to `PublicStatic` for persisted floating IPs and multi-tier stacks; override with `PublicEphemeral` for ephemeral demos.
## Prerequisites
- OpenTofu >= 1.6.0 or Terraform >= 1.6.0
- Quake AI account with OpenStack credentials
- A valid FQDN or hostname label for naming and configuration (`wp_domain`)
## Usage
1. Clone or copy this template directory
2. Copy `terraform.tfvars.example` to `terraform.tfvars` and fill in your values
3. Source your OpenStack credentials: `source openrc.sh`
4. Initialize: `tofu init`
5. Preview: `tofu plan`
6. Apply: `tofu apply`
## Variables
| Name | Type | Required | Default | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `wp_domain` | string | yes | n/a | FQDN for the WordPress site (used for resource naming) |
| `key_name` | string | yes | n/a | Existing SSH keypair name in the project for compute instances |
| `wp_flavor` | string | no | `s1a.small` | Flavor for the WordPress compute instance |
| `db_flavor` | string | no | `m2a.large` | Flavor for the MySQL compute instance |
| `db_volume_size` | number | no | `20` | Size in GB for the MySQL data block volume |
| `image_name` | string | no | `Ubuntu-24.04` | Name of the image to boot instances from |
| `external_network` | string | no | `PublicStatic` | Persisted FIP / production default; override with `PublicEphemeral` for demos |
| `private_cidr` | string | no | `192.168.10.0/24` | CIDR of the private subnet between WordPress and MySQL |
## Documentation
Full documentation: [WordPress MySQL template](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql)
Variations
Deploy walkthroughValidated variants of this template, each adding one capability the base does not include.
- Cache
wordpress-mysql-cache+$17/mo over the baseValkey object cache for WordPress page and query acceleration
Show source and downloadHide source
9 files. Download the zip or copy any file.Download wordpress-mysql-cache.zipmain.tfHCLlocals { name_prefix = replace(var.wp_domain, ".", "-") } data "openstack_images_image_v2" "image" { name = var.image_name most_recent = true } data "openstack_networking_network_v2" "external" { name = var.external_network } resource "openstack_networking_network_v2" "private" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-private" admin_state_up = true } resource "openstack_networking_subnet_v2" "private" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-private-sn" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id cidr = var.private_cidr ip_version = 4 enable_dhcp = true dns_nameservers = ["8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4"] } resource "openstack_networking_router_v2" "router" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-router" external_network_id = data.openstack_networking_network_v2.external.id admin_state_up = true } resource "openstack_networking_router_interface_v2" "private" { router_id = openstack_networking_router_v2.router.id subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "wordpress" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress-sg" description = "SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS from any IPv4" } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_ssh" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 22 port_range_max = 22 remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0" security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_http" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 80 port_range_max = 80 remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0" security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_https" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 443 port_range_max = 443 remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0" security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "redis" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-redis-sg" description = "Valkey object cache from the private subnet only" } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "redis_valkey" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 6379 port_range_max = 6379 remote_ip_prefix = var.private_cidr security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.redis.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "mysql" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-sg" description = "MySQL only from the private subnet" } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "mysql_mysql" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 3306 port_range_max = 3306 remote_ip_prefix = var.private_cidr security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.mysql.id } resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "wordpress" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress-port" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id] fixed_ip { subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "wordpress" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress" flavor_name = var.wp_flavor key_pair = var.key_name user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init/wordpress.yaml", { db_ip = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.network[0].fixed_ip_v4 redis_ip = openstack_compute_instance_v2.redis.network[0].fixed_ip_v4 db_name = var.db_name db_user = var.db_user db_password = var.db_password }) block_device { uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id source_type = "image" destination_type = "volume" volume_size = 20 boot_index = 0 delete_on_termination = true } network { port = openstack_networking_port_v2.wordpress.id } } resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "redis" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-redis-port" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.redis.id] fixed_ip { subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "redis" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-redis" flavor_name = var.cache_flavor key_pair = var.key_name user_data = file("${path.module}/cloud-init/redis.yaml") block_device { uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id source_type = "image" destination_type = "volume" volume_size = 10 boot_index = 0 delete_on_termination = true } network { port = openstack_networking_port_v2.redis.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "mysql" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-port" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.mysql.id] fixed_ip { subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "mysql" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql" flavor_name = var.db_flavor key_pair = var.key_name user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init/mysql.yaml", { db_name = var.db_name db_user = var.db_user db_password = var.db_password }) block_device { uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id source_type = "image" destination_type = "volume" volume_size = 20 boot_index = 0 delete_on_termination = true } network { port = openstack_networking_port_v2.mysql.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_blockstorage_volume_v3" "mysql_data" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-data" size = var.db_volume_size } resource "openstack_compute_volume_attach_v2" "mysql_data" { instance_id = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.id volume_id = openstack_blockstorage_volume_v3.mysql_data.id } resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_v2" "wordpress" { pool = var.external_network } resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_associate_v2" "wordpress" { floating_ip = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.wordpress.address port_id = openstack_networking_port_v2.wordpress.id }variables.tfHCLvariable "wp_domain" { description = "FQDN for the WordPress site (used for resource naming)" type = string } variable "wp_flavor" { description = "Flavor for the WordPress compute instance" type = string default = "s1a.small" } variable "cache_flavor" { description = "Flavor for the Valkey object-cache instance" type = string default = "s1a.small" } variable "db_flavor" { description = "Flavor for the MySQL compute instance" type = string default = "m2a.large" } variable "db_volume_size" { description = "Size in GB for the MySQL data block volume" type = number default = 20 } variable "image_name" { description = "Name of the image to boot instances from" type = string default = "Ubuntu-24.04" } variable "external_network" { description = "Shared external network for router gateway and floating IPs; defaults to PublicStatic (persisted FIP / production pattern). Override with PublicEphemeral for ephemeral demos." type = string default = "PublicStatic" } variable "key_name" { description = "Existing SSH keypair name in the project for compute instances" type = string } variable "private_cidr" { description = "CIDR of the private subnet between WordPress and MySQL" type = string default = "192.168.10.0/24" } variable "db_name" { description = "WordPress database name created on the MySQL instance" type = string default = "wordpress" } variable "db_user" { description = "WordPress database user the application connects as" type = string default = "wordpress" } variable "db_password" { description = "Password for the WordPress database user. Required, no default, so no credential ships with the template." type = string sensitive = true }outputs.tfHCLoutput "wordpress_ip" { description = "Floating IPv4 address of the WordPress instance" value = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.wordpress.address } output "redis_private_ip" { description = "Fixed IPv4 of the Valkey cache instance on the private network" value = openstack_compute_instance_v2.redis.network[0].fixed_ip_v4 } output "mysql_private_ip" { description = "Fixed IPv4 of the MySQL instance on the private network" value = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.network[0].fixed_ip_v4 }versions.tfHCLterraform { required_version = ">= 1.6.0" required_providers { openstack = { source = "terraform-provider-openstack/openstack" version = "~> 2.0" } } } provider "openstack" {}terraform.tfvars.exampleHCL# Required wp_domain = "YOUR_WORDPRESS_FQDN" key_name = "YOUR_KEY_NAME" # wp_flavor = "s1a.small" # db_flavor = "m2a.large" # db_volume_size = 20 # image_name = "Ubuntu-24.04" # external_network = "PublicStatic" # private_cidr = "192.168.10.0/24"cloud-init/mysql.yamlYAML#cloud-config package_update: true runcmd: - | set -e export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive # The data volume attaches as /dev/sdb on this platform (not /dev/vdb). DEV=/dev/sdb for i in $(seq 1 30); do [ -b "$DEV" ] && break; sleep 5; done if ! blkid "$DEV" >/dev/null 2>&1; then mkfs.ext4 -F "$DEV"; fi mkdir -p /var/lib/mysql mount "$DEV" /var/lib/mysql grep -q "$DEV" /etc/fstab || echo "$DEV /var/lib/mysql ext4 defaults,nofail 0 2" >> /etc/fstab for i in 1 2 3; do apt-get update && break; sleep 10; done apt-get install -y mariadb-server printf '[mysqld]\nbind-address = 0.0.0.0\n' > /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/99-bind.cnf systemctl enable mariadb systemctl restart mariadb mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS ${db_name};" mysql -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS '${db_user}'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '${db_password}';" mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ${db_name}.* TO '${db_user}'@'%'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"cloud-init/redis.yamlYAML#cloud-config package_update: true packages: - valkey-server runcmd: - | set -e # Valkey listens on the private interface only; security group restricts clients to the subnet. sed -i 's/^bind .*/bind 0.0.0.0/' /etc/valkey/valkey.conf sed -i 's/^protected-mode .*/protected-mode yes/' /etc/valkey/valkey.conf systemctl enable valkey-server systemctl restart valkey-servercloud-init/wordpress.yamlYAML#cloud-config package_update: true packages: - nginx - php-fpm - php-mysql - php-redis - curl - tar - unzip write_files: - path: /tmp/wordpress.nginx owner: root:root permissions: "0644" content: | server { listen 80 default_server; root /var/www/html; index index.php index.html; server_name _; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; } location ~ \.php$ { include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf; fastcgi_pass unix:__PHP_SOCK__; } } runcmd: - | set -e export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive curl -fsSL https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz -o /tmp/wp.tar.gz tar -xzf /tmp/wp.tar.gz -C /tmp rm -f /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html cp -a /tmp/wordpress/. /var/www/html/ cd /var/www/html cp wp-config-sample.php wp-config.php sed -i "s/database_name_here/${db_name}/" wp-config.php sed -i "s/username_here/${db_user}/" wp-config.php sed -i "s/password_here/${db_password}/" wp-config.php sed -i "s/'localhost'/'${db_ip}'/" wp-config.php if curl -fsSL https://api.wordpress.org/secret-key/1.1/salt/ -o /tmp/wp-salts.php; then sed -i "/AUTH_KEY/d;/SECURE_AUTH_KEY/d;/LOGGED_IN_KEY/d;/NONCE_KEY/d;/AUTH_SALT/d;/SECURE_AUTH_SALT/d;/LOGGED_IN_SALT/d;/NONCE_SALT/d" wp-config.php sed -i "/table_prefix = /r /tmp/wp-salts.php" wp-config.php fi cat >> wp-config.php <<WPCFG define('WP_REDIS_HOST', '${redis_ip}'); define('WP_REDIS_PORT', 6379); define('WP_CACHE', true); WPCFG mkdir -p /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins curl -fsSL https://downloads.wordpress.org/plugin/redis-cache.latest-stable.zip -o /tmp/redis-cache.zip unzip -q /tmp/redis-cache.zip -d /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/ chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html PHP_VER=$(ls /etc/php/ | sort -V | tail -1) PHP_FPM="php$${PHP_VER}-fpm" PHP_SOCK="/run/php/$${PHP_FPM}.sock" sed "s#__PHP_SOCK__#$PHP_SOCK#" /tmp/wordpress.nginx > /etc/nginx/sites-available/default systemctl enable nginx "$PHP_FPM" systemctl restart "$PHP_FPM" systemctl restart nginxREADME.mdMarkdown# WordPress + MySQL + Valkey object cache WordPress application server with a dedicated MySQL database and a Valkey (Redis-compatible) object cache on a private subnet. Extends the [WordPress + MySQL](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql) base with a cache tier for page and query acceleration. **Network class:** production — `external_network` defaults to `PublicStatic` for persisted floating IPs and multi-tier stacks; override with `PublicEphemeral` for ephemeral demos. ## Prerequisites - OpenTofu >= 1.6.0 or Terraform >= 1.6.0 - Quake AI account with OpenStack credentials - A valid FQDN or hostname label for naming and configuration (`wp_domain`) ## Usage 1. Clone or copy this template directory 2. Copy `terraform.tfvars.example` to `terraform.tfvars` and fill in your values 3. Source your OpenStack credentials: `source openrc.sh` 4. Initialize: `tofu init` 5. Preview: `tofu plan` 6. Apply: `tofu apply` 7. After deploy, activate the Redis Object Cache plugin in the WordPress admin (Plugins screen) ## Variables | Name | Type | Required | Default | Description | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | `wp_domain` | string | yes | n/a | FQDN for the WordPress site (used for resource naming) | | `key_name` | string | yes | n/a | Existing SSH keypair name in the project for compute instances | | `wp_flavor` | string | no | `s1a.small` | Flavor for the WordPress compute instance | | `db_flavor` | string | no | `m2a.large` | Flavor for the MySQL compute instance | | `cache_flavor` | string | no | `s1a.small` | Flavor for the Valkey object-cache instance | | `db_volume_size` | number | no | `20` | Size in GB for the MySQL data block volume | | `image_name` | string | no | `Ubuntu-24.04` | Name of the image to boot instances from | | `external_network` | string | no | `PublicStatic` | Persisted FIP / production default; override with `PublicEphemeral` for demos | | `private_cidr` | string | no | `192.168.10.0/24` | CIDR of the private subnet between WordPress, MySQL, and Valkey | ## Documentation Base template: [WordPress MySQL template](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql) Full documentation: [WordPress MySQL cache variation](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql-cache) - Object Storage
wordpress-mysql-mediaObject Storage offload for WordPress uploads and media
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8 files. Download the zip or copy any file.Download wordpress-mysql-media.zipmain.tfHCLlocals { name_prefix = replace(var.wp_domain, ".", "-") } data "openstack_images_image_v2" "image" { name = var.image_name most_recent = true } data "openstack_networking_network_v2" "external" { name = var.external_network } resource "aws_s3_bucket" "media" { bucket = var.media_bucket_name } resource "aws_s3_bucket_acl" "media" { bucket = aws_s3_bucket.media.id acl = "private" } resource "openstack_compute_keypair_v2" "deploy" { name = var.key_name } resource "openstack_networking_network_v2" "private" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-private" admin_state_up = true } resource "openstack_networking_subnet_v2" "private" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-private-sn" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id cidr = var.private_cidr ip_version = 4 enable_dhcp = true dns_nameservers = ["8.8.8.8", "8.8.4.4"] } resource "openstack_networking_router_v2" "router" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-router" external_network_id = data.openstack_networking_network_v2.external.id admin_state_up = true } resource "openstack_networking_router_interface_v2" "private" { router_id = openstack_networking_router_v2.router.id subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "wordpress" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress-sg" description = "SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS from any IPv4" } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_ssh" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 22 port_range_max = 22 remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0" security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_http" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 80 port_range_max = 80 remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0" security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "wordpress_https" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 443 port_range_max = 443 remote_ip_prefix = "0.0.0.0/0" security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_v2" "mysql" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-sg" description = "MySQL only from the private subnet" } resource "openstack_networking_secgroup_rule_v2" "mysql_mysql" { direction = "ingress" ethertype = "IPv4" protocol = "tcp" port_range_min = 3306 port_range_max = 3306 remote_ip_prefix = var.private_cidr security_group_id = openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.mysql.id } resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "wordpress" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress-port" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.wordpress.id] fixed_ip { subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "wordpress" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-wordpress" flavor_name = var.wp_flavor key_pair = openstack_compute_keypair_v2.deploy.name user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init/wordpress.yaml", { db_ip = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.network[0].fixed_ip_v4 db_name = var.db_name db_user = var.db_user db_password = var.db_password s3_access_key = var.s3_access_key s3_secret_key = var.s3_secret_key s3_endpoint = var.s3_endpoint s3_region = var.s3_region media_bucket = aws_s3_bucket.media.id }) block_device { uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id source_type = "image" destination_type = "volume" volume_size = 20 boot_index = 0 delete_on_termination = true } network { port = openstack_networking_port_v2.wordpress.id } } resource "openstack_networking_port_v2" "mysql" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-port" network_id = openstack_networking_network_v2.private.id security_group_ids = [openstack_networking_secgroup_v2.mysql.id] fixed_ip { subnet_id = openstack_networking_subnet_v2.private.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_compute_instance_v2" "mysql" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql" flavor_name = var.db_flavor key_pair = openstack_compute_keypair_v2.deploy.name user_data = templatefile("${path.module}/cloud-init/mysql.yaml", { db_name = var.db_name db_user = var.db_user db_password = var.db_password }) block_device { uuid = data.openstack_images_image_v2.image.id source_type = "image" destination_type = "volume" volume_size = 20 boot_index = 0 delete_on_termination = true } network { port = openstack_networking_port_v2.mysql.id } depends_on = [openstack_networking_router_interface_v2.private] } resource "openstack_blockstorage_volume_v3" "mysql_data" { name = "${local.name_prefix}-mysql-data" size = var.db_volume_size } resource "openstack_compute_volume_attach_v2" "mysql_data" { instance_id = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.id volume_id = openstack_blockstorage_volume_v3.mysql_data.id } resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_v2" "wordpress" { pool = var.external_network } resource "openstack_networking_floatingip_associate_v2" "wordpress" { floating_ip = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.wordpress.address port_id = openstack_networking_port_v2.wordpress.id }variables.tfHCLvariable "wp_domain" { description = "FQDN for the WordPress site (used for resource naming)" type = string } variable "wp_flavor" { description = "Flavor for the WordPress compute instance" type = string default = "s1a.small" } variable "db_flavor" { description = "Flavor for the MySQL compute instance" type = string default = "m2a.large" } variable "db_volume_size" { description = "Size in GB for the MySQL data block volume" type = number default = 20 } variable "image_name" { description = "Name of the image to boot instances from" type = string default = "Ubuntu-24.04" } variable "external_network" { description = "Shared external network for router gateway and floating IPs; defaults to PublicStatic (persisted FIP / production pattern). Override with PublicEphemeral for ephemeral demos." type = string default = "PublicStatic" } variable "key_name" { description = "Existing SSH keypair name in the project for compute instances" type = string } variable "private_cidr" { description = "CIDR of the private subnet between WordPress and MySQL" type = string default = "192.168.10.0/24" } variable "db_name" { description = "WordPress database name created on the MySQL instance" type = string default = "wordpress" } variable "db_user" { description = "WordPress database user the application connects as" type = string default = "wordpress" } variable "db_password" { description = "Password for the WordPress database user. Required, no default, so no credential ships with the template." type = string sensitive = true } variable "s3_access_key" { description = "EC2-compatible access key for Object Storage (Keystone ec2 credentials create)" type = string sensitive = true } variable "s3_secret_key" { description = "EC2-compatible secret key paired with s3_access_key" type = string sensitive = true } variable "media_bucket_name" { description = "S3 bucket name for WordPress uploads and media offload" type = string } variable "s3_endpoint" { description = "Quake AI S3-compatible endpoint URL" type = string default = "https://object.us-east-1.rumble.cloud" } variable "s3_region" { description = "S3 region identifier passed to the AWS provider" type = string default = "us-east-1" }outputs.tfHCLoutput "wordpress_ip" { description = "Floating IPv4 address of the WordPress instance" value = openstack_networking_floatingip_v2.wordpress.address } output "media_bucket" { description = "Object Storage bucket name for WordPress uploads" value = aws_s3_bucket.media.id } output "mysql_private_ip" { description = "Fixed IPv4 of the MySQL instance on the private network" value = openstack_compute_instance_v2.mysql.network[0].fixed_ip_v4 } output "keypair_private_key" { description = "PEM private key for the generated OpenStack keypair" value = openstack_compute_keypair_v2.deploy.private_key sensitive = true }versions.tfHCLterraform { required_version = ">= 1.6.0" required_providers { openstack = { source = "terraform-provider-openstack/openstack" version = "~> 2.0" } aws = { source = "hashicorp/aws" version = "~> 5.0" } } } provider "openstack" {} provider "aws" { region = var.s3_region access_key = var.s3_access_key secret_key = var.s3_secret_key skip_credentials_validation = true skip_metadata_api_check = true skip_requesting_account_id = true endpoints { s3 = var.s3_endpoint } }terraform.tfvars.exampleHCL# Required wp_domain = "YOUR_WORDPRESS_FQDN" key_name = "YOUR_KEY_NAME" s3_access_key = "YOUR_S3_ACCESS_KEY" s3_secret_key = "YOUR_S3_SECRET_KEY" media_bucket_name = "YOUR_UNIQUE_MEDIA_BUCKET" # wp_flavor = "s1a.small" # db_flavor = "m2a.large" # db_volume_size = 20 # image_name = "Ubuntu-24.04" # external_network = "PublicStatic" # private_cidr = "192.168.10.0/24" # s3_endpoint = "https://object.us-east-1.rumble.cloud" # s3_region = "us-east-1"cloud-init/mysql.yamlYAML#cloud-config package_update: true runcmd: - | set -e export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive # The data volume attaches as /dev/sdb on this platform (not /dev/vdb). DEV=/dev/sdb for i in $(seq 1 30); do [ -b "$DEV" ] && break; sleep 5; done if ! blkid "$DEV" >/dev/null 2>&1; then mkfs.ext4 -F "$DEV"; fi mkdir -p /var/lib/mysql mount "$DEV" /var/lib/mysql grep -q "$DEV" /etc/fstab || echo "$DEV /var/lib/mysql ext4 defaults,nofail 0 2" >> /etc/fstab for i in 1 2 3; do apt-get update && break; sleep 10; done apt-get install -y mariadb-server printf '[mysqld]\nbind-address = 0.0.0.0\n' > /etc/mysql/mariadb.conf.d/99-bind.cnf systemctl enable mariadb systemctl restart mariadb mysql -e "CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS ${db_name};" mysql -e "CREATE USER IF NOT EXISTS '${db_user}'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '${db_password}';" mysql -e "GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ${db_name}.* TO '${db_user}'@'%'; FLUSH PRIVILEGES;"cloud-init/wordpress.yamlYAML#cloud-config package_update: true packages: - nginx - php-fpm - php-mysql - curl - tar - unzip write_files: - path: /tmp/wordpress.nginx owner: root:root permissions: "0644" content: | server { listen 80 default_server; root /var/www/html; index index.php index.html; server_name _; location / { try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args; } location ~ \.php$ { include snippets/fastcgi-php.conf; fastcgi_pass unix:__PHP_SOCK__; } } runcmd: - | set -e export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive DB="${db_ip}" for i in $(seq 1 60); do if nc -z "$DB" 3306 2>/dev/null; then break; fi sleep 5 done curl -fsSL https://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz -o /tmp/wp.tar.gz tar -xzf /tmp/wp.tar.gz -C /tmp rm -f /var/www/html/index.nginx-debian.html cp -a /tmp/wordpress/. /var/www/html/ cd /var/www/html cp wp-config-sample.php wp-config.php sed -i "s/database_name_here/${db_name}/" wp-config.php sed -i "s/username_here/${db_user}/" wp-config.php sed -i "s/password_here/${db_password}/" wp-config.php sed -i "s/'localhost'/'${db_ip}'/" wp-config.php if curl -fsSL https://api.wordpress.org/secret-key/1.1/salt/ -o /tmp/wp-salts.php; then sed -i "/AUTH_KEY/d;/SECURE_AUTH_KEY/d;/LOGGED_IN_KEY/d;/NONCE_KEY/d;/AUTH_SALT/d;/SECURE_AUTH_SALT/d;/LOGGED_IN_SALT/d;/NONCE_SALT/d" wp-config.php sed -i "/table_prefix = /r /tmp/wp-salts.php" wp-config.php fi mkdir -p /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins curl -fsSL https://github.com/humanmade/S3-Uploads/archive/refs/heads/master.zip -o /tmp/s3-uploads.zip unzip -q /tmp/s3-uploads.zip -d /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/ mv /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/S3-Uploads-master /var/www/html/wp-content/plugins/s3-uploads cat >> wp-config.php <<WPCFG define('S3_UPLOADS_BUCKET', '${media_bucket}'); define('S3_UPLOADS_REGION', '${s3_region}'); define('S3_UPLOADS_KEY', '${s3_access_key}'); define('S3_UPLOADS_SECRET', '${s3_secret_key}'); define('S3_UPLOADS_BUCKET_URL', '${s3_endpoint}/${media_bucket}'); define('S3_UPLOADS_USE_INSTANCE_PROFILE', false); WPCFG chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html PHP_VER=$(ls /etc/php/ | sort -V | tail -1) PHP_FPM="php$${PHP_VER}-fpm" PHP_SOCK="/run/php/$${PHP_FPM}.sock" sed "s#__PHP_SOCK__#$PHP_SOCK#" /tmp/wordpress.nginx > /etc/nginx/sites-available/default systemctl enable nginx "$PHP_FPM" systemctl restart "$PHP_FPM" systemctl restart nginxREADME.mdMarkdown# WordPress + MySQL + Object Storage media offload WordPress application server with a dedicated MySQL database and an Object Storage bucket for uploads and media. Extends the [WordPress + MySQL](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql) base with S3-compatible media offload so the web tier disk stays small. **Network class:** production — `external_network` defaults to `PublicStatic` for persisted floating IPs and multi-tier stacks; override with `PublicEphemeral` for ephemeral demos. ## Prerequisites - OpenTofu >= 1.6.0 or Terraform >= 1.6.0 - Quake AI account with OpenStack credentials and S3-compatible Object Storage credentials - A valid FQDN or hostname label for naming and configuration (`wp_domain`) - A globally unique bucket name (`media_bucket_name`) ## Usage 1. Clone or copy this template directory 2. Copy `terraform.tfvars.example` to `terraform.tfvars` and fill in your values 3. Source your OpenStack credentials: `source openrc.sh` 4. Initialize: `tofu init` 5. Preview: `tofu plan` 6. Apply: `tofu apply` 7. After deploy, activate the S3 Uploads plugin in the WordPress admin (Plugins screen) ## Variables | Name | Type | Required | Default | Description | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | `wp_domain` | string | yes | n/a | FQDN for the WordPress site (used for resource naming) | | `key_name` | string | yes | n/a | Existing SSH keypair name in the project for compute instances | | `s3_access_key` | string | yes | n/a | EC2-compatible Object Storage access key | | `s3_secret_key` | string | yes | n/a | EC2-compatible Object Storage secret key | | `media_bucket_name` | string | yes | n/a | S3 bucket name for WordPress uploads | | `wp_flavor` | string | no | `s1a.small` | Flavor for the WordPress compute instance | | `db_flavor` | string | no | `m2a.large` | Flavor for the MySQL compute instance | | `db_volume_size` | number | no | `20` | Size in GB for the MySQL data block volume | ## Documentation Base template: [WordPress MySQL template](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql) Full documentation: [WordPress MySQL media variation](/docs/automation/templates/wordpress-mysql-media)
Resources, parameters, and variables
wp_domainrequiredwp_flavor="s1a.small"db_flavor="m2a.large"db_volume_size=20image_name="Ubuntu-24.04"external_network="PublicStatic"key_namerequiredprivate_cidr="192.168.10.0/24"db_name="wordpress"db_user="wordpress"db_passwordrequired
Customize this pattern#
- Customize a template's image and flavor
- Add a block volume to a template
- Parameterize a template with a tfvars file
See also#
Usage Guidelines
The sample code, software libraries, command line tools, proofs of concept, templates, and other related technology on this page (including any of the foregoing that is provided by Quake AI personnel) is provided to you as Quake AI Content under the Quake AI Customer Agreement, or the relevant written agreement between you and Quake AI (whichever applies). Do not use this Quake AI Content in your production accounts, or on production or other critical data. You are responsible for testing, securing, and optimizing the Quake AI Content (such as sample code) as appropriate for production grade use based on your specific quality control practices and standards. Deploying Quake AI Content may incur Quake AI charges for creating or using Quake AI chargeable resources, such as running Compute instances or storing data in Object Storage. Your use is also subject to the Acceptable Use Policy.
For the full policy, see Usage Guidelines.
Last validated: 07.07.2026
See Also
Terraform and OpenTofu on Quake AI
Prerequisite
Networks
Prerequisite
Authoring IaC templates for Quake AI
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Deploy an API gateway with the api-gateway template
Shares: Volumes, Security Groups
Deploy the development environment template with OpenTofu
Shares: Volumes, Security Groups